1583 Edition | Book 12 | Page 1996 
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Spinster. Of Dovercote, Essex.
Agnes Whitelock was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
She was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Also referred to as Anne Whitelocke]
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Of Colchester, Essex. Of unknown occupation.
Indicted for attending an illegal assembly headed by Thomas Purto in 1556. (Court Rolls, Borough of Colchetser, 122/4).
Simpson was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Allin Simpson was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Not related to Thomas Simson]
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Spinster. Of Great Bentley, Essex.
Munt was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Alice Munt was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Probably related to William Munt.]
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Wife of William Wallys. Of Colchester.
In a letter to Bonner, John Kingston reported that Alice Wallys had submitted herself, abjured her erroneous opinions and asked for absolution. She was to do penance the following Sunday [the first Sunday after 30 August 1557] at St Peter's church. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
[Back to Top]Alice was one of nine women who promised to recant. She was allowed to remain at home as she was heavily pregnant at the time. Judgement against her was made in the presence of the bailiffs, the aldermen and the town clerk. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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Widow. Of Coggeshall, Essex.
Christian Pepper was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Christian Pepper was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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Spinster. Of Coggeshall, Essex.
Warren was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Cicley Warren was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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(1512? - 1557)
Martyr. Wife of John Ewring. Of Colchester.
Ellen Ewring was indicted for attending an illegal assembly headed by Thomas Purto in 1556. (Court Rolls, Borough of Colchetser, 122/4).
She was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
Ellen Ewring was returned to her husband after being indicted for heresy in Colchester. She remained at home for a brief period but then met with Robert Mainard, the bailiff of Colchester, who kissed her and welcomed her home. She told him she knew he had given her a Judas kiss, and she was arrested again and sent to the Mote-hall. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Back to Top]She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She was examined before Chedsey, John Kingston, John Boswell, the two bailiffs of Colchester (Robert Brown and Robert Mainard) and several others on 23 June 1557. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
She was burned by the town wall in Colchester 2 August 1557. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
Ewring was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
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Of Lexden.
John Kingstone told Bonner in a letter that Jobson was the farmer of the parish of Lexden, where many parishioners had been accused of heresy. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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(1512 - 1580)
Earl of Arundel (DNB)
Henry Fitzalan was a signatory to a letter from the privy council to Princess Mary, dated 9 July 1553, stating that she was illegitimate and that Jane Grey was Edward VI's true heir (1570, p. 1568; 1576, p. 1337; 1583, pp. 1406-7).
Fitzalan escorted Henry Dudley, the duke of Northumberland, to the Tower (1570, p. 1634; 1576, p. 1394; 1583, p. 1465).
He accompanied Queen Mary to Westminster Abbey for her coronation on 1 October 1553 (1570, p. 1635; 1576, p. 1395; 1583, p. 1466).
Fitzalan was one of the leaders of the troops sent against Sir Thomas Wyatt (1570, p. 1637; 1576, p. 1398; 1583, p. 1467).
He was chief judge at the condemnation of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk (1570, p. 1637; 1576, p. 1397; 1583, p. 1467).
He greeted Philip on his arrival at Southampton on 20 July 1554 (1570, p. 1642; 1576, p. 1401; 1583, p. 1471).
He was present at Stephen Gardiner's Paul's Cross sermon of 30 September 1554 (1570, p. 1644; 1576, p. 1402; 1583, p. 1473).
Fitzalan bore a cap of maintenance before Queen Mary at the opening of parliament on 12 November 1554 (1570, p. 1647; 1576, p. 1405; 1583, p. 1475).
He was signatory to a letter, dated 27 November 1554, from the privy council to Bonner, informing him that Mary was pregnant and ordering him to have prayers and Te Deums said throughout his diocese (1563, pp. 1014-15; 1570, p. 1647; 1576, p. 1405; 1583, pp. 1475-76).
Henry Fitzalan was patron of Lexden parish. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
He was involved in the questioning of Elizabeth after her removal from Ashridge. He apologized to her for the questioning she had been subjected to. 1563, p. 1712.
He was humble before Elizabeth at Hampton Court. 1563, p. 1715, 1570, p. 2294, 1576, p. 1986, 1583, p. 2291.
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(d. 1523)
Of Layer Marney, Essex. Sir Henry Marney was created a baron about six weeks before his death in April 1523. (Cockayne)
Kingston complained to Bonner that he had not been able so far to carry out a visitation on many foundations in Colchester, such as the masters and lazars of Mary Magdalen, the proctor of St Katherine's chapel, the hospital and beadmen of the foundation of Lord H. Marney in Layer-Marney, and the hospital and beadmen of Little Horksley. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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Spinster. Of Horsley Magna, Essex.
Winseley was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Joan Winseley was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Probably related to Thomas Winesley.]
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(1517 - 65)
Rector of St Peter's Cornhill (1552 - 1553, 1558 - 1560). Went to Geneva (1554 but back in England by 1557; returned to Geneva in 1558.) Archdeacon of Colchester (1559 - 1565). Prebend of Wenlocksbarn (1561 - 1565). (DNB)
In his letter to Bonner, Kingston said that he doubted Sir Robert Smith's real name to be Pullen. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
Morris stated in his confession that Pulleyne (alias Smith), Simon Harlestone and William, a Scot, were all preachers in the reign of Edward VI, and were now residing at the King's Head in Colchester. 1563, p. 1652, 1570, p. 2230, 1576, p. 1926, 1583, p. 2033.
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Spinster. Of Ramsey, Essex.
Field was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Margaret Field was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
She wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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(d. c. 1541)
Martyred at Salisbury with fellow interlude players Richard Spenser and Hewet
Ramsey was charged with heresy about the sacrament of the altar and burnt at Salisbury. 1570, p. 1376; 1576, p. 1174; 1583, p. 1202.
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Weaver. Of Halstead, Essex.
Atkin was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Atkin was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
On 29 August 1557 an indenture was made between several lords and justices and John Kingston concerning the delivery of 22 prisoners from Colchester. Atkin was one of the prisoners named in the indenture. 1563, p. 1565, 1570, p. 2157, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly marked as 1971].
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Courier. Of Colchester, Essex.
Bongeor was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Richard Bongeor was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
In their letter to Bonner, Robert Brown and Robert Mainard said that they did not have a prisoner by the name of Agnes Bowyer, wife of Richard Bowyer. They explained that the prisoner was in fact Agnes Bongeor, wife of Richard Bongeor. 1563, p. 1632, 1570, p. 2201, 1576, p. 1899, 1583, p. 2008.
[Probably related to William Bongeor.]
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Mariner. Of Great Holland, Essex.
Clerk was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Richard Clerk was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Not related to John or Walter Clerk.]
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Labourer. Of West Begholt, Essex.
Richard George was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Not related to the Georges of Colchester.]
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Mariner. Of Colchester, Essex.
Jolley was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Richard Jolley was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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Carpenter. Of Winston, Suffolk.
Barcock was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Robert Barcock was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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Laborer. Of Walton, Essex.
Colman was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Robert Colman was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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Weaver. Originally of Debham, Essex.
Debnam was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Robert Debnam was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
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Parson of Lexden.
In a letter to Bonner, Kingston said that Gostlow had been examined by Justice Brown1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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(1537? - 1557)
Martyr. Daughter of William and Alice Mount. Spinster. Of Great Bentley, Essex.
Allin was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Rose Allin was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1563, p. 1707, 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Alice Mount asked that her daughter, Rose, fetch a drink for her. On her way back through the house Edmund Tyrrel stopped Rose and advised her to encourage her parents to become better catholics. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Rose Allin challenged Edmund Tyrrel over his accusations of heresy. for which he took her candle from her and burned the back of her hand until the sinews cracked. 1563, p. 1707, 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
William Candler, of Great Bentley, witnessed the burning of Rose Allin's hand. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Rose Allin told Mistress Bright of Romford and her maid, Ann Starkey, of the burning of her hand. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Mistress Bright tended Rose Allin's wound in her house in Romford, when she and other prisoners stayed in Bright's house on the way to London. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Edmund Tyrrel called Rose Allin a whore on several occasions while he burned her hand and became frustrated when she would not cry. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Rose Allin told Edmund Tyrrel that the Lord might give him repentance, if it were his will. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Edmund Tyrrel found John Thurston and Margaret, his wife, at William Mount's house and so sent them to prison at Colchester castle, along with the Mounts and their daughter. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
In prison, Rose Allin told a friend that she could have smashed Edmund Tyrrel in the face with a pot she held in her free hand whilst he was burning her other hand, but she was glad she had not. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
Rose Allin told friends in prison that the longer her hand was burned, the less painful it became. 1570, p. 2200, 1576, p. 1898, 1583, p. 2007.
She was burned in the castle yard in Colchester 2 August 1557. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
[No relation to Edmund Allin or his wife.]
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Bailiff. Of Canterbury.
In a letter to Bonner, John Kingston asks to have master Sayer assist him with armed men in collecting 22 heretics from Colchester. He has met opposition in the streets. 1563, pp. 1561 [recte 1573]-1563 [recte 1575].
Kingston told Lord Darcy of Chiche to give commandment to Sayer to set about the apprehension of heretics in Canterbury. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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Glover. Of Rayleigh, Essex.
Glover was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Stephen Glover was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Not related to the Warwickshire Glovers.]
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Of Copford.
Apparitor of the consistory court at Colchester.
Thomas Alsey was to accompany John Kingston to Colchester to collect the 22 people charged with heresy. 1563, p. 1564 [recte 1576].
Thomas Alsey met with John Kingston to discuss the delivery of forty-six shillings and eight pence to Nicholas Harpsfield. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly marked as 1971].
In his letter to Bonner, Kingston said that Alsey was to deliver 22 people to Bonner for examination. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly marked as 1971].
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(fl. 1555 - 1596)
Mercer. Of Colchester, Essex.
Feerfane was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Thomas Feerfane was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Also known as Firefanne, Feerfarne. Son of Joan Dibney by a previous marriage.]
[Thomas Upcher's widow bequeathed his gown to Feerfane. (Laquita Higgs, Godliness and Governance in Tudor Colchester (Michigan, 1998), p. 224.)]
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Sawyer. Of Horsley Magna, Essex.
Winseley was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
Thomas Winseley was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Probably related to Joan Winseley.]
[Also referred to as Winssey.]
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(1497? - 1557)
Glazier. Martyr. Of Colchester.
Bongeor was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
William Bongeor was charged with heresy in the parish of St Nicholas and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
He was imprisoned in the Mote-hall in Colchester. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
On 29 August 1557 an indenture was made between several lords and justices and John Kingston concerning the delivery of 22 prisoners from Colchester. Bongeor was one of the prisoners named in the indenture. 1563, p. 1565, 1570, p. 2157, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly marked as 1971].
He was examined before Chedsey, John Kingston, John Boswell, the two bailiffs of Colchester (Robert Brown and Robert Mainard) and several others on 23 June 1557. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
He was burned by the town wall in Colchester 2 August 1557. 1563, p. 1610, 1570, p. 2202, 1576, p. 1900, 1583, p. 2008.
Robert Brown and Robert Mainard wrote to Bonner thanking him for the letter they had received via Edward Cosin. They also referred to the planned execution of William Bongeor, Robert Purcas, Thomas Benold, Agnes Silverside, Ellen Ewring (wife of John Ewring), and Elizabeth Folkes on 2 September 1557. 1563, p. 1632, 1570, p. 2201, 1576, p. 1899, 1583, p. 2008.
[Back to Top][Probably related to Richard Bongeor.]
[Involved in enclosure riots in Colchester in 1538. Laquita Higgs, Godliness and Governance in Tudor Colchester (Michigan, 1998), p. 135.]
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Husbandman. Of Much Birch, Kent.
William Goodwin was the bearer of a letter written by John Kingston to Bonner about the taking of 22 people charged with heresy to London. He was to accompany Kingston to Colchester to collect the heretics. 1563, p. 1564 [recte 1576].
William Goodwin met with John Kingston to discuss the delivery of forty-six shillings and eight pence to Nicholas Harpsfield. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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Husbandman. Of Great Bentley, Essex.
Munt was one of 18 men and 4 women indicted for heresy in Colchester.1563, p. 1566 [recte 1578].
William Munt was charged with heresy and delivered to John Kingston and then to Bonner. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
He wrote a confession of faith and signed a submission agreeing to catholic teaching on the eucharist. 1570, p. 2159, 1576, p. 1865, 1583, p. 1974.
[Probably related to Alice Munt.]
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Husband of Alice Wallys. Of Colchester.
William Wallys was bound to the sum of five pounds to ensure that his wife did penance in St Peter's church, Colchester. 1563, p. 1564, 1570, p. 2156, 1576, p. 1864, 1583, p. 1975 [incorrectly numbered 1971].
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A parish in the hundred of Blackbourne, lathe of Scray, county of Kent. 6 miles south-east by south from Tenterden. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Ebony annexed, in the Archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the Colchester division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 5 miles south-west from Colchester. The living is a rectory in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the wapentake of Dickering, East Riding of Yorkshire, comprising the seaport and market town of Bridlington, two chapelries, three townships and one hamlet. 38 miles east-north-east from York. The living is a perpetual curacy, with the rectory of Argam annexed, in the Archdeaconry of the East Riding and diocese of York. The Priory was dissolved in 1538, following the treason of the Prior. It was then worth £682. 15. 9.
[Back to Top]English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Chelmsford, county of Essex. 29 miles north-east by east from London. The living is a rectory in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Hertfordshire
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A market town and parish in the Witham division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 16 miles north-east from Chelmsford. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the Witham division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 4 miles west-south-west from Colchester. The living is a rectory in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the Colchester division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 4 miles west by north from Manningtree. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish within the borough of Harwich, 42 miles north-east by east from Chelmsford. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of St. Nicholas annexed, in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London, and in the patronage of the Crown
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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Unidentified
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Tendring, county of Essex. 8 miles east-south-east from Colchester. The living is a discharged vicarage in the Archdeaconry of Colchester and Diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Tendring, county of Essex. 12.5 miles south-east by south from Manningtree. The living is a rectory in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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[Great Horksleigh]
Essex
OS grid ref: TL 975 305
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A market town and parish in the hundred of Hinckford, county of Essex. 17.5 miles north-north-east from Chelmsford. The living is a vicarage in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts., concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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Unidentified
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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Unidentified
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the liberties of the town of Colchester, county of Essex. 1.25 miles west from Colchester. The living is a rectory in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts., concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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Unidentified
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Tendring, county of Essex. 3 miles west-south-west from Harwich. The living is a discharged vicarage in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Rochford, county of Essex. 14 miles south-east by east from Chelmsford. 34 miles east by north from London. The living is a rectory in the Archdeaconry of Essex and Diocese of London.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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Newham, east London
OS grid ref: TQ 375 835
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A parish in the hundred of Tendring, county of Essex. 13.25 miles south-east by east from Manningtree. The living is a discharged vicarage, consolidated with those of Kirby le Soken and Thorpe le Soken, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of the Sokens, and subject to visitation by the Bishop of London.
[Back to Top]There are Waltons everywhere, but this is the most likely
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the Colchester division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 3.5 miles north-west from Colchester. The living is a rectory in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, diocese of London.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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A parish in the hundred of Barbergh, county of Suffolk. 1.25 miles west by south from Nayland. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry of Sudbury, diocese of Norwich.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaAnno 1557 Marchmay be to desire your Lordship, to geue in commaundement vnto my Mayster Sayer, Bayliffe, here present, for to ayd me thorough his liberties, not onely with men and weapons, but that the Towne clarke may bee ready there with his booke to write the names of the most busie persons, and this vpon three houres warning, all whiche both my Lorde and M. Browne commaunded. MarginaliaWhat adoe is here with the Butchers to bring the poore lambes to the Shambles.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThomas Aslsey of Copford Apparitor to B. Boner.And the 31. of August, William Goodwin of Muchbirch husbandman, this brynger, and Thomas Alsey of Copforde youre Lordships Apparitour of your Consistory in Colchester, couenāted with me, that they shoulde hyre two other men at the leaste, whereof one should be a Bowman, to come to me the next day about two of the clocke at after noone, so that I might recite this bargayne before M. Archdeacon, and pay the money, that is, 46. shillinges 8. pence. Wherefore they should then go foorth wyth me vnto Colchester, & on Wednesday before three of the clock in the morning receiue there at my hand within the Castell, and Motehall, fourteen men, and eight women, ready bound wyth giues and hempe, and driue, cary, or lead and feede with meat & drinke, as heretickes ought to be found continually, vnto suche time that the sayd William and Thomas, Marginalia22 poore prisoners in bondes for Christ and his worde.shall cause the sayde 22. persones for to be deliuered vnto my Lord of Londons Officers and within the safe keeping of my sayd Lorde, and then to bring vnto me againe the sayd Giues, with a perfect token, of, or from my sayd Lord, and then this couenant is voyde, or els. &c.
[Back to Top]Maister Bendlowes sayde vnto mee in my Lorde of Oxenfordes Chamber at the kinges head, after I had sayd Masse before the Lordes, that on the morow after Holy Roode day, when wee shall meete at Chelmesford for the deuision of these landes, I thinke Mayster Archdeacon, you, and Mayster Smith shalbe fayn to ride with certaine of the Iury to those porcions and manours in your part of Essex, and in like case deuide our selues, to tread and view the ground with the Quest, or els I thinke the Quest will not labour their matter, and so doe you saye vnto Mayster Archdeacon.
[Back to Top]Alice the wyfe of William Walleys of Colchester, hath submitted herselfe, abiured her erroneous opinions, asked absolution, promised to do her solemne penance in her Parish Church at Saint Peters on Sonday next, and to continue a Catholicke & a faythfull woman, as long as GOD shall send her lyfe. And for these couenauntes, her husband standeth bounde in fiue pounde. Which Alice is one of the nine women of this your Indenture: and that shee is bigge with childe.
MarginaliaAlice Wallice bigge with childe one of the 9. women pomiseth to recant. Wherefore she remayneth at home, and this done in the presence of the Bayliffes, Aldermen, & towneclarke. And for that Maister Browne was certyfied, there was no Curate at Lexdon, he inquired who was the Farmer. The aunswere was made, Syr Fraunces Iobson. Who is the Parson? They of the Questmen aunswered, Syr Roger Ghostlow. When was he with you? Not this fourtene yeares. How is your Cure serued?
MarginaliaA cure well servedNow and then. Who is the Patron? My Lord of Arundell. And within shorte tyme after Syr Fraunces Iobson came with great curtesy vnto my Lord Darcies place. And of all Gentlemē about vs, I saw no more come in Sir Robert Smith
Robert Smith was an alias of John Pullain, the ex-rector of St Peter Cornhill in London (see 1563, p. 1605). Pullain had gone into hiding in Colchester with his pregnant wife. Although under Marian law Pullain's marriage had no validity as he was a cleric, he had not abandoned his wife. Pullain had been active in preaching heresy in London and the privy council sent orders to Colchester for his arrest. But Kingston is having to report to Bonner that Pullain had eluded capture. Pullain's wife would deliver a daughter, named Faith, and the Pullains would flee into exile, reaching Geneva (Garrett, Marian Exiles). The Weald. Or "the Weald, so named of the Saxon word weald, which signifieth, a woodie countrie." (Lambarde's "Perambulation of Kent," p. 189, edit. 1826)
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Wherfore he lyeth stil in prison, but surely this is not Pullē. If it please your Lordshippe to haue in remembraunce, that the housholders might be compelled to bring euerye man his owne wife to her owne seate in the Churche in time of Diuine seruice it would profite much. And also there be yet standing Hospitals and other of like foundation about Colchester, whiche I haue not knowne to appeare at any visitation, as the Maister and Lazars of Mary Magdalene in Colchester, the Proctour of saynct Katherines Chappell in Colchester, the hospitall or Beadhouse
In Lyson's "Environs of London" the alms-houses at Isleworth are termed bedehouses. See Boucher's Glossary, under Beades.
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From Eastthorp this present xxx. of August.
We found a letter touching the Maryage of Priestes in the handes of the foresayd Syr Robert Smith. Also I desired Mayster Browne the doer of all thinges, MarginaliaM. Browne doer of all thinges. to require the audience to bring in theyr vnlawfull writinges and bookes. Who asked me if I had proclaymed the Proclamation. I sayd, yea. Then he sayd openly on the Benche, that they shoulde be proclaimed euerye quarter once And then take the Constables and Officers, and they alone take and punish the offenders, accordingly.
[Back to Top]By your poore Beadman,
Iohn Kingston, Priest.
MarginaliaIndenture betweene the Iustices and Boners Commissary, for receuing of prisoners.THis Indēture made the xix. day of August, in the third and 4. yeres of the raygnes of oure soueraigne Lord and Lady, Philip and Mary by the grace of God King & Queene of England, Spayne, Fraunce, both Cicils, Ierusalem, and Ireland, defenders of the fayth, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Myllayne, & Brabant Countyes of Hasburgh, Flaunders, and Tirell, betwene the ryght honourable Lord Iohn de Veere, Earle of Oxenford, Lord high Chamberlayne of England, Thomas Lord Darcy of Chiche. Henry Tirel Knight, Anthony Browne, the King and Queenes Maiestyes Sergeaunt at lawe, William Bendelowes, Sergeaunt at lawe, Edmund Tirel, Richard Weston, Roger Appletō, Esquiers, Iustices of Ooyer, and determiner, & of the peace, within the sayd County of Essex, to be kept of the one party, and Iohn Kingstone clerke Bacheler at law, Commissary to þe Bish. of London. of þe other party, witnesseth that MarginaliaThe names of Christes prisoners persecuted.Ro. Colman of Walton in þe County of Essex labourer, Ioan Winseley of Horseley Magna in þe said County Spinster, Steuen Glouer of Raylye, in the County aforesayd, Glouer, Richard Clerke of much Holland in the sayd County Mariner, William Munt of much Bently, in the sayde County husbandmā, Tho. Winseley of much Horseley in þe sayd County, Sawyer, Margaret field of Ramesey, in the sayd County, Spinster: Agnes Whitlocke of Douercourt, in the sayd Countie, Spinster, Alice Munt
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William Mount, his wife Alice, and her daughter Rose Allen, along with William Bongeor and Ellen Ewring, would be re-arrested in Colchester and burned there on 2 August 1557 (see 1563, pp. 1604-11; 1570, pp. 2198-202;1576, pp. 1898-1900 and 1583, pp. 2003-09).
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Thomas Feerefanne was the son of Joan Dybney, who had fled from Colchester after she narrowly eluded arrest and joined the English protestant congregation at Aarau, just outside Geneva (Laquita M. Higgs, Godliness and Governance in Tudor Colchester [Ann Arbor, MI: 1998], p. 224). Joan's father-in-law, Thomas Dybney, was a Colchester alderman summoned before the privy council because of his evangelical beliefs.
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William Mount, his wife Alice, and her daughter Rose Allen, along with William Bongeor and Ellen Ewring, would be re-arrested in Colchester and burned there on 2 August 1557 (see 1563, pp. 1604-11; 1570, pp. 2198-202;1576, pp. 1898-1900 and 1583, pp. 2003-09).
In witnesse wherof to the one part of this Indenture remayning with the sayd Erle, Lord, and other the Iustices, the sayd Ordinary hath set to his hand and seale, and to the other part remayning with the sayd Ordinary, the sayd Earle, Lord, and other the Iustices haue set to their seueral handes & seales, the daye & yeares aboue written. MarginaliaThe names of the persecutors.
[Back to Top]| Oxenford. Thomas Darcy. Henry Tyrell. Antony Browne. | William Bendelowes Edmund Tyrell. Richard Weston. Roger Appleton. |
These xxii. aforesayd prisoners thus sēt from Colchester to London, were brought at length to B. Boner. As touching the order and maner of their comming & brynging, the sayd Boner himselfe writeth to Cardinall Poole, as you shall heare.
MarginaliaB. Boners letter to Cardinall Poole, concerning the 22. prisoners aforesayd.MAy it please your good grace with my most humble obedience, reuerence and duetie, to vnderstand that going to London vpon Thursday last, and thinking to be troubled with M. Germaynes matter onely, and such other common matters as are accustomed, enough to wery a right strong body, I had the day following to comfort my stomacke withall letters from Colchester, that either that day, or the daye following I should haue sent thence 22. heretickes, indited before the Commissioners, & in dede so I had, & compelled to beare theyr charge as I did of the other, which both stoode me aboue 20. nobles a summe of money that I thought full euill bestowed. And these heretickes, notwithstanding they had honest Catholicke keepers to conduct and bring them vp to me, and in all the way frō Colchester to Stradford of the Bow, did goe quietly, and obediently yet comming to Stratford, they began to take hart of grace and to doe as pleased themselues, for there they beganne to haue theyr garde, which generally increased till they came to Algate where they were lodged Friday night.
[Back to Top]And albeit I tooke order that the sayde heretickes shoulde be with me very early on saterday mornyng, to the intent they mighte quietlye come and bee examined by me, yet it was